It’s been almost 5 years since the first case of COVID-19 was identified. Since then, scientists have learned a great deal about the virus, including the fact that it is neuro-invasive. This means the virus has the ability to attack the nervous system, especially the central nervous system.
In fact, SARS-CoV-2 has been cultured from brain tissue and its viral proteins have been found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Once in the brain, the virus can attack the neurons and synapses, resulting in abnormal release and uptake of neurotransmitters. Some common neurotransmitters are serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. These are responsible for our mood, memory, and comprehension (amongst others) which can be adversely affected during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Furthermore, COVID-19 also has the ability to attack the lungs, and specifically the alveolar sacks, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. The virus can therefore cause a decrease in the oxygenation of blood. Whenever there is a decrease in the oxygenation of blood, we are at risk of cerebral hypoxia (brain injury from a lack of oxygen). Long term effects of cerebral hypoxia include memory loss, difficulties concentrating, and word finding problems, amongst other neurocognitive issues.
Lastly, because COVID-19 can cause hypercoagulation (thickening) of the blood, there is an increased risk of stroke. Results of strokes vary depending on the severity of the stroke and location of the stroke in the brain. Nevertheless, individuals will experience changes/decline in their neurocognitive functioning, such as memory impairment, speech impairment, or visual/perceptual deficits.
Unfortunately, brain fog is all too common a lasting symptom of COVID-19. However, the degree is largely based on the severity of the infection and the individuals’ pre-existing conditions. In general, the healthier the individual was pre-infection, the less likely he/she will have residual effects from COVID-19. Overall, we should all strive to take better care of our health - body and brain!
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